Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a group of rare inherited muscle diseases in which muscle fibers are unusually susceptible to damage. Muscles, primarily voluntary muscles, become progressively weaker. In the late stages of muscular dystrophy, fat and connective tissue are often replaced by muscle fibers. In some types of muscular dystrophy, heart muscles, other involuntary muscles and other organs are affected. The most common types of muscular dystrophy appear to be due to a genetic deficiency of the muscle protein dystrophin. There's no cure for muscular dystrophy, but medications and therapy can slow the course of the disease
muscle system glossary
Actin: A protien that forms a long polymer rods called microfilaments; Interacts with myosin to cause movement in muscles.
ATP "Adenosine Triphosphate" is a nucleotide that comes from adenosine that takes place in muscle tissue: This provides a large source of energy for cellular reactions.
Cardiac muscle is also an "involuntary muscle" but it's a specialized kind of muscle found only within the heart.
Clostridium botulinum A pathogen that causes botulism, gram stain positive, morphology is rod shaped, grows in anaerobic
conditions, and produces spores.
Clostridium tetani A pathogen that causes lock jaw, gram stain positive, morphology is tennis racket shaped rod, grows in anaerobic conditions, and produces spores.
Cori cycle In anaerobic conditions produces lactic acid.
Cramp A localized muscle spasm that happens after strenuous activity.
Glycogen Glucose that has been converted for energy storage. Muscles store energy for their own use in this form.
Lactic acid Causes muscle fatigue.
Muscle Contractile tissue that is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells.
Muscular DystrophyA hereditary disease characterized by progressive atrophy of muscle fibers
Myosin
The fibrous motor protein that uses ATP to drive movements along actin filaments.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth-surfaced tubules forming a plexus around each myofibril that function as a storage and release area for
calcium ions (CA+2).
Skeletal muscle
this "voluntary muscle" is anchored by tendons to the bone and is used to affect skeletal movement such as
locomotion.
Smooth muscle
this "involuntary muscle" is found within the walls of organs and structures such as the esophagus, stomach,
intestines, bronchi, uterus, ureters, bladder, and blood vessels.
Sprain
Injuries that involves a stretched or torn ligament.
Strain
A injury to the muscle or tendon attachment
AP Contraction Relationship
- AP in the skeletal muscle is very short lived.
- AP is basically extra component, which extends the duration.
- The contraction is almost over before the action potential has finished.
- Syncronized contraction
- Myocardial cells obey all or none principle
- Electrical activity of the heart
- Action potential of the myocardial cells
- Plato phase 0 phase (upstroke), 1 phase, 2 phase, 3 phase and 4 phase
- Automatic activtty of the heart
- The nodes AV and SA nodes, spontaneous depolarization
- Ectopic focus
- Damage of SA node
- The rate of automatic frequancy of SA node
building muscle
Lifting lighter weights can be just as effective if you do it right, and you're much less likely to hurt yourself.
muscle structure
Common characteristic of muscle cells are smae for both voluntary and involuntary muscle. Muscle cell include myofibrils. 2/3 of muscle cell are filled with myofibril, contractile elements. Muscle cells is also called as muscle fibers. Single muscle cells include many myofibrils alongatin from one end to others.
Many fibrils are grouped together and bind with connective tissue. Both end of muscle band is bound to the tendons that is composed of collegen and elastin fibers.
T Tubule
Sarcome
myofilmants: actin and myosin
z line, a bands I bands, H bands
birs and mammals heart
Birds and mammals have a complete anatomical and functional seperation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood flow through the heart. in mammalian heart systemic blood enters the right atrium and then passess through a membranous right atrioventricular valve into the right ventricle . Blood is ejected through the pulmonary semilunar valves via the left and right pulmonary arteries for oxygenation in the lung. The cardiac cycle of the mammalian heart consists of an atrial contaction (systole) and then refilling (diastole), coordinated with a ventricular systole and diastole.
effects of aging on skeletal muscle
Reduced muscle mass
increased time for muscle contract in response to nervous stimuli
reduced stamina
increased recovery time
loss of muscle fibers
decreased density of capillaries in muscle
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)